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Thứ Bảy, 30 tháng 4, 2016

Ảnh chưa từng công bố: Nhà Trắng trong ngày 30-4-75


Ảnh chưa từng công bố:

Nhà Trắng trong ngày 30-4-75

Tâm trạng chán nản, thất vọng, lo âu là điểm chung không thể giấu diếm hiện rõ trên nét mặt những nhân vật quyền lực của chính quyền Mỹ thời bấy giờ, đã được ghi lại qua những bức ảnh tư liệu quý giá vào đúng lúc kết thúc cuộc chiến tranh dai dẳng, đẫm máu ở Việt Nam.

Ảnh “độc” chưa từng công bố: Nhà Trắng trong ngày Sài Gòn thất thủ

Lời tự sự của tác giả chùm ảnh, nhiếp ảnh gia David Hume Kennerly:
Tôi đã may mắn có vị trí tác nghiệp đắt giá trong thời gian kết thúc của cuộc Chiến tranh ở Việt Nam, cuộc chiến tranh mà tôi đã dành hơn 2 năm cuộc đời lăn lộn trên các chiến trường ở mảnh đất này.
Câu chuyện Việt Nam của tôi bắt đầu vào đầu năm 1971, khi Hãng tin thông tấn quốc tế (UPI) giao cho tôi tiếp quản văn phòng ở Sài Gòn để thay thế cho nhiếp ảnh gia Kent Potter. Khi đó, Kent Potter dự kiến là sẽ quay trở về nhà nhưng ông ấy không bao giờ có cơ hội đó nữa. Ngày 10/2/1971, Potter và 3 nhiếp ảnh gia khác đã thiệt mạng khi chiếc trực thăng chở họ bị bắn rơi ở Lào trong chiến dịch Lam Sơn 719 của quân đội Sài Gòn. Cùng trên chuyến bay này còn có phóng viên Larry Burrows của tờ Life, Henri Huet của AP, và Keisaburo Shimamoto của Newsweek, tất cả họ đều tử vong.
Tôi không quen biết ai trong số những nhiếp ảnh gia này, nhưng Burrows là thần tượng của cá nhân tôi, những bức ảnh của ông là nguồn cảm hứng cho mong muốn của tôi tham gia vào cuộc chiến với tư cách phóng viên ảnh.
Một vài tuần sau đó, tôi đã nằm trong một kế hoạch ràng buộc chặt với thành phố Sài Gòn. Tôi đã dành hơn hai năm chụp ảnh chiến tranh ở Đông Dương, năm 1972  tôi nhận được giải Pulitzer cho những bức ảnh của tôi tại Việt Nam, Campuchia và Ấn Độ, nơi tôi chụp về những người tị nạn chạy trốn qua biên giới từ Đông Pakistan. Việt Nam đã trở thành một phần của trong máu thịt của tôi; tất cả mọi điều xảy ra với tôi kể từ đó đã trở thành kinh nghiệm sống và làm việc. Tôi mới 24 tuổi, và năm đầu tiên của tôi là một nhiếp ảnh gia trong một chiến trường ác liệt. Có nhiều sự cố vô cùng nguy hiểm đã xảy ra và tôi đã từng nghĩ rằng, tôi sẽ không thể đón sinh nhật tuổi 25. Vì thế, khi tôi tổ chức sinh nhật  ở Sài Gòn, tôi cảm thấy mỗi người quanh tôi là một phần thưởng thật sự. Cho đến nay, vận may sống sót đó đã bổ sung thêm vào cuộc đời tôi 43 năm nữa! Tôi đã cố gắng sử dụng những năm tháng đó thật tốt.
Tôi trở về Mỹ vào giữa năm 1973, làm việc cho tạp chí Time. Một trong những nhiệm vụ đầu tiên của tôi là vụ scandal Watergate, tôi cũng đã được phân công để chụp ảnh nhà lãnh đạo nhóm thiểu số Gerald R. Ford khi Phó Tổng thống Spiro Agnew từ chức vào mùa thu năm đó.
Một bức chân dung mà tôi đã chụp Ford được in trên trang bìa của tạp chí Time khi Nixon tuyên bố rằng ông sẽ thay thế Agnew làm phó tổng thống mới. Tiếp sau đó tôi đã dành hoàn toàn thời gian cho Ford.
Khi Tổng thống Mỹ Nixon từ chức, Ford lên thay thế. Ông ấy đã chỉ định tôi là nhiếp ảnh gia chính của ông. Với công việc này tôi có quyền thâm nhập mọi nơi, không chỉ theo sát hoạt động của Tổng thống và gia đình, mà tất cả những gì diễn ra đằng sau hậu trường. Đây là một vinh dự, và một công việc cực kỳ thú vị, đồng thời, đây cũng là thời gian hoạt chuyên nghiệp nhất và bổ ích cá nhân trong cuộc đời tôi. Ngày 3/3/1975, 6 tháng sau khi tổng thống Ford nhậm chức, tình hình miền Nam Việt Nam bắt đầu căng thẳng hơn khi quân đội Việt Nam tấn công thành phố Ban Mê Thuột tỉnh Tây Nguyên.  
Sau vài ngày chiến đấu ác liệt, quân đội Mỹ tại Sài Gòn đã phải chịu hàng ngàn thương vong, quân đội Việt Nam tiến vào thành phố trọng điểm. Đây là khởi đầu của sự kết thúc chính quyền Nam Việt Nam. Khi đó, tôi đã có mặt bên trong Nhà Trắng được trao một cơ hội tuyệt vời để quan sát cuộc chiến tranh từ bên trong sảnh đường quyền lực. Vị thế đặc biệt này cho tôi một chuyến đi bí mật trở lại Việt Nam theo một nhiệm vụ đặc biệt mà Tổng thống Ford giao và sau đó trở lại Nhà Trắng cho đêm chung kết của bộ phim truyền hình dài tập đẫm máu Việt Nam. Những ngày cuối cùng của tháng 4/1975 là những ngày cuối cùng của cuộc chiến tranh địa ngục ở Việt Nam. Tôi hầu như không ngủ, và cố gắng chụp ảnh mỗi phút có thể trong những ngày cuối cùng căng thẳng.

Ngày 16/3/1975, tại văn phòng Nhà Trắng, cố vấn hội đồng an ninh quốc gia Brent Scowcroft nói chuyện điện thoại với một đồng nghiệp. Nét mặt ông không thể giấu được mức độ nghiêm trọng của tình hình khi quân đội Việt Nam đã hiện diện tại Huế.
25/3/1975: Tổng thống nói với Weyand - Tham mưu trưởng của Lục quân Hoa Kỳ: "Anh hãy đi với ngài đại sứ. Đây là một trong những nhiệm vụ quan trọng nhất của anh. Anh đừng để mất nhiều thời gian - hãy nghiên cứu tình huống và xem liệu chúng ta có thể làm gì", Tổng thống tiếp tục: "Chúng tôi muốn anh tư vấn về những điều mà có thể gây sốc cho miền Bắc. "Tôi lấy làm tiếc tôi không có quyền làm một số việc mà Tổng thống Nixon có thể làm". Kissinger nói: "Tình hình thực tế và lý do tại sao, là gì? Có thể làm gì?" Weyand hứa: "Chúng tôi sẽ mang về một đánh giá chung và cung cấp một cái nhìn chính xác nhất về tình hình hiện nay".
25/3/1975: Sau khi các quan chức ra về, tôi chụp bức ảnh này khi Tổng thống còn một mình trong văn phòng, rõ ràng ông rất thất vọng. Chúng tôi đã nói chuyện về chuyến đi, tôi nói với ông rằng, tôi có kinh nghiệm ở Việt Nam, tôi muốn đi cùng Weyand. Tổng thống đồng ý và nói rằng ông sẽ chờ tôi cung cấp cho ông ta một quan điểm khách quan và thẳng thắn khi tôi trở lại. Văn phòng của tôi ở tầng trệt của Nhà Trắng, tôi trở về và nói với nhân viên rằng tôi sẽ có một chuyến đi vào ngày hôm sau. Tôi treo một dấu hiệu trên cánh cửa của tôi và nói: "Tôi đến Việt Nam, sẽ trở lại trong 2 tuần". Nhân viên của tôi nghĩ rằng tôi đã nói đùa cho đến khi tôi không quay lại văn phòng trong gần 2 tuần sau đó. Tối hôm ấy, tôi đã đi để nói lời tạm biệt với gia đình Ford và đề tổng thống cho vay một khoản tiền. Đó là những ngày trước khi có ATM. "Các ngân hàng đã đóng cửa, tôi sẽ đi trước khi họ mở cửa", tôi nói. Ford lôi tất cả những đồng tiền trong ví của mình. "Ở đây là 47USD", ông chìa ra cho tôi xem.
26/3/1975: Trên chiếc máy bay  C-141, đã hai lần dừng tiếp nhiên liệu ở Anchorage và Tokyo trước khi đến Sài Gòn 24 giờ sau đó, của Tướng Weyand có Ken Quinn, nhân viên của Hội đồng An ninh Quốc gia, chuyên về khu vực Đông Nam Á, ông George Carver và Ted Shackley, hai quan chức cấp cao của CIA. Ken và một số nhân viên Hội đồng an ninh quốc gia (NSC) đang điều khiển một mạng lưới ngầm hiệu quả, rộng lớn và hoàn toàn không chính thức sơ tán ngàn người Việt Nam ra khỏi đất nước an toàn. Đại sứ Mỹ cho biết sẽ không có cuộc tắm máu trả thù nếu quân đội Việt Nam tiến vào miền Nam Việt Nam.
29/03/1975: Tôi không phải là thành phần trong cuộc họp giao ban chính thức của Weyand, nhưng tôi có một chỉ thị cá nhân của Tổng thống Ford xem xét và đưa ra quan điểm của riêng tôi về tình hình. Tôi đã gặp Montcrieff Spear, tổng lãnh sự Mỹ tại Nha Trang, khi ông này chuẩn bị rời khỏi Việt Nam. Vợ ông đang đóng gói hành lý khi tôi đến. Tuy nhiên, trước khi ông đi, ông ta cần phải tìm thấy đồng nghiệp của ông là tổng lãnh sự Al Francis, đã trốn khỏi Đà Nẵng.
30/3/1975: Spear và tôi lấy một chiếc trực thăng của hãng hàng không Air America đến Vịnh Cam Ranh để tìm kiếm Francis, lúc này đã chạy trốn khỏi Đà Nẵng bằng một con tàu bị bắt cóc bởi lính Nam Việt. Một con tàu lớn chen chúc hàng ngàn binh lính, một vài người trong số họ trong tình trạng thất vọng đã bắn vào trực thăng mang cờ Mỹ của chúng tôi.
30/3/1975: Francis đã trốn thoát trên một chiếc tàu kéo, chúng tôi đã phát hiện ra ông ta. Ông vẫy tay khi chúng tôi bay qua, chúng tôi hạ cánh tại vịnh Cam Ranh đón ông ta, chúng tôi đưa ông và Spear quay trở lại Sài Gòn bằng đường vòng qua Phnom Penh.
31/3/1975: Tôi ở Việt Nam theo mệnh lệnh Tổng thống, sau đó bay đến Phnom Penh bằng máy bay của Air America! Sân bay Pochentong bị gần như đóng cửa trước hỏa lực pháo binh, tôi gặp Matt Franjola, phóng viên và cũng là người bạn cũ từ Liên đoàn báo chí (AP) đến đón tôi. Ông ngồi trong chiếc xe jeep, lãnh đạm như mọi khi ngay cả khi tên lửa phát nổ gần đó. Ông đưa tôi đi uống tại khách sạn cũ Lê Phnom, nơi mà tôi đã hưởng thụ một ngày đặc biệt với Martini và súng cối.
31/3/1975: Sau giờ chiều, Matt chở tôi đến Đại sứ quán Mỹ, nơi tôi tham gia một cuộc họp bí mật về tình hình nghiêm trọng tại Campuchia của Đại sứ Mỹ John Gunther Dean và các nhân viên. Tại trung tâm hoạt động chiến thuật, bản đồ cho thấy mũi tên màu đỏ lớn của lực lượng Khmer Đỏ đến từ mọi hướng về phía thủ đô Phnom Penh. Chúng tôi đã bị bao vây. Các nhân viên đại sứ quán đã được chuẩn bị một cuộc di cư bằng trực thăng dành riêng cho công dân Hoa Kỳ và một số nước đồng minh nếu tình hình xấu hơn nữa.
Một người chồng Camphuchia đang an ủi người vợ của mình, bà bị thương và đang lặng lẽ ra đi trên tay chồng.
31/03/1975: Tôi đã thực hiện một bức chân dung của một em bé tị nạn Campuchia trong hàng ngàn người chen chúc tại một khách sạn đổ nát bên bờ sông Mekong. Tôi thấy em bé đeo một cái thẻ bài. Hình ảnh của cô bé là biểu tượng tất cả những đau khổ mà trẻ em trên toàn thế giới vì cuộc chiến tranh vô nghĩa. Tôi luôn bị ám ảnh bởi khuôn mặt của em bé và thậm chí khi du lịch tới Phnom Penh vài năm trước, tôi đã thử tìm em bé này, nhưng không có may mắn gặp lại.
Một đứa trẻ tị nạn Campuchia tại một bệnh viện ở Phnom Penh, Campuchia ngày 29/3/1975. Hai tuần sau, lực lượng Khmer Đỏ đánh chiếm hoàn toàn Campuchia.
Ngày 3/4/1975: Tôi trở về Sài Gòn trong thời gian tham dự một cuộc họp mà tại đó Weyand và đoàn của ông trao đổi nhiều vấn đề quan trọng cùng Tổng thống chính quyền Sài Gòn Nguyễn Văn Thiệu trong văn phòng tại phủ tổng thống Sài Gòn. Đây là cuộc họp không hề dễ chịu. Tôi đã chụp một bức ảnh của Thiệu tại bàn làm việc với một bức tranh truyền thống Việt Nam treo đằng sau. Tôi tự hỏi ông ta còn ngồi bao lâu trong cái ghế đó? Chỉ 18 ngày sau đó.
Ngày 5/4/1975: Weyand trình bày ý kiến của mình cho Ford tại nhà riêng của tổng thống ở Palm Springs, California. Weyand không lạc quan, nhưng ông ta đã chỉ ra một vài cơ may có thể ngăn chặn cuộc tấn công của quân đội Việt Nam nếu Quốc hội phân bổ ngân sách để giúp đỡ đồng minh. Tổng thống rõ ràng không hài lòng với những gì vừa nghe được.
Ngày 5/4/1975: Tôi mang theo những bức ảnh đen trắng mà tôi chụp được trong chuyến thực địa tại Việt Nam và tôi đã trình bày Ford những nhìn nhận cực kỳ khó lọt tai tổng thống qua từng bức ảnh. Tôi trình bày: "Bất cứ ai nói với ông rằng Nam Việt Nam có thể trụ vững 3, 4 tuần hay hơn nữa, người đó đang lừa dối ông". Hai hoặc ba ngày sau đó những bức ảnh đen trắng này đã thay thế hoàn toàn các bức ảnh mầu trang trí trên West Wing cảnh báo về kết thúc của cuộc chiến tranh ở Việt Nam và Campuchia. Tất cả mọi người đã biết về điều này.
Trong bức ảnh hiếm có này, các quan chức CIA trực tiếp tóm tắt tình hình cho tổng thống, có mặt trong cuộc họp là Giám đốc đơn vị tình báo CIA khu vực Đông Á Ted Shackley và Phó Giám đốc phụ trách các văn phòng tình báo an ninh quốc gia George Carver đang cân nhắc và đưa ra cho tổng thống những đánh giá sơ lược.
Ngày 5/4/1975: Tổng thống và phu nhân bay đến San Francisco sau khi cuộc họp của ông với Tướng Weyand và các cộng sự để chào đón một chuyến bay chở trẻ mồ côi Việt đến Mỹ - một phần của Chiến dịch Babylift, sơ tán trẻ em từ khu vực Đông Nam Á. Khi chuyến bay cuối cùng ra khỏi Nam Việt Nam, Mỹ đã di tản hơn 3.300 trẻ sơ sinh và trẻ em. Cùng với các cuộc di tản khác, hơn 110.000 người tị nạn đã sơ tán khỏi Nam Việt Nam vào thời điểm cuối cuộc chiến tranh.
Ngày 5/4/1975: Hàng ngàn trẻ em từ Việt Nam được tiếp nhận vào các gia đình trên toàn thế giới. Trong quá trình di tản đường không, một chiếc C-5A chở trẻ mồ côi bị rơi, làm thiệt mạng 138 người, trong đó có 78 trẻ em.
Ngày 9/4/1975: Các lực lượng quân đội Việt Nam đang tiến sát đến Sài Gòn, các vùng miền Trung hoàn toàn thất thủ. Giám đốc CIA William Colby và Bộ trưởng Quốc phòng Jim Schlesinger vô cùng phiền muộn khi tôi chụp ảnh họ trong phòng nội các trước cuộc họp kín về tình hình Đông Dương.
Ngày 11/4/1975: Tổng thống Ford lo lắng hiện rõ trên nét mặt khi ra lệnh thực hiện chiến dịch Eagle Pull, sơ tán tất cả người Mỹ khỏi Campuchia. Ngày 21/4, hơn một tuần sau khi chiến dịch ở Campuchia đã được hoàn tất, tổng thống và Kissinger tập trung vào các vấn đề tại Việt Nam. Kissinger cho biết ông đã nói chuyện với Đại sứ Liên Xô Anatoly Dobrynin, cố gắng sắp xếp một cuộc ngừng bắn để người Mỹ ra đi. Tổng thống Ford thảo luận với Đại sứ Mỹ tại miền Nam Việt Nam Martin về vấn đề di tản. Ngày 23/4, tình hình ở Việt Nam đã rõ ràng đối với tổng thống, ông không ngại ngùng thừa nhận một thực tế, người Mỹ phải ra đi. Lần đầu tiên ông đã công khai thừa nhận, chiến tranh đã "kết thúc".
Ngày 24/4/1975: Trong một cuộc họp của Ủy Ban Chỉ đạo về tình hình Việt Nam, tổng thống đã nói với Schlesinger rằng còn khoảng 1.700 người Mỹ ở Sài Gòn. Ông muốn con số đó xuống 1.090 vào ngày hôm sau. Schlesinger nói: "Con số này là quá nhiều trong một ngày". Tổng thống tức tối: "Đó là những gì tôi đã ra lệnh".
Từ trái sang phải: Giám đốc CIA William Colby, Ngoại trưởng Henry Kissinger và Chủ tịch Hội đồng tham mưu Liên quân George Brown. 19h30, ngày 28/4/1975: Giám đốc CIA William Colby mở đầu cuộc thảo luận tại cuộc họp, báo cáo, "Việt Cộng đã từ chối đề nghi ngừng bắn của tổng thống Dương Văn Minh. Họ đã thêm một yêu cầu là giải giáp toàn bộ các lực lượng vũ trang chính quyền Sài Gòn". Pháo binh Quân Giải phóng đã tấn công vào khu vực sân bay Tân Sơn Nhất. 4h00 một loạt đạn tên lửa tấn công Tân Sơn Nhất. Điều này sẽ gây thương vong cho lính thủy đánh bộ Mỹ. 19:45, ngày 28/4/1975: Chủ tịch Hội đồng tham mưu Liên quân George Brown đề cập đến 70 phi vụ C-130 vào Tân Sơn Nhất, với 35 máy bay sẽ bay trong 2 chuyến để sơ tán 400 thành viên còn lại của Văn phòng tùy viên quân sự. Bộ phận điều hành mặt đất sẽ có toàn quyền về việc quyết định hành động có khả thi hay không. "Tất nhiên chúng tôi phải làm nhiệm vụ, nhưng nếu nguy cơ trở nên quá lớn, chúng tôi có thể sẽ phải rút lui ". 20h08, ngày 28/4/1975: Cuộc thảo luận quay lại với chủ đề, điều gì sẽ xảy ra nếu Mỹ tập kích vào các đoàn quân của Việt Nam để bảo vệ cuộc di tản. "Nếu chúng ta bắn, người Mỹ phải rút ra khỏi Đại sứ quán", Henry Kissinger đề nghị, "Bắc Việt có ý định làm nhục chúng ta và sẽ là khôn ngoan nếu để  người dân ở đó". Tổng thống nói: "Tôi đồng ý. Tất cả nên để lại. Bây giờ chúng ta thực hiện 2 quyết định: Thứ nhất, hôm nay là ngày cuối cùng di tản người Việt. Thứ hai, nếu chúng ta bắn, người của chúng ta sẽ phải rút khỏi Đại Sứ quán. Chúng ta đã sẵn sàng bằng máy bay trực thăng?". Tướng Brown trả lời:" Có, nếu ngài hoặc Đại sứ Martin nói như vậy, chúng ta có thể đón họ ở đó trong vòng 1 giờ". Kissinger nói:" Chúng ta không nên để cho mọi người biết rằng đây là ngày cuối cùng của cuộc di tản dân sự”. Theo đó, nếu Tân Sơn Nhất bị đóng cửa, bắt đầu chiến dịch sơ tán bằng máy bay trực thăng.
21h15 ngày 28/4/1975: Tổng thống của Hoa Kỳ là người có tiếng nói cuối cùng về các quyết định lớn. Tôi luôn luôn tìm thấy sự nhân văn là nền tảng của mọi phán quyết của Tổng thống Ford vào lúc này. Đêm ấy, ông đã thực hiện một trong những quyết định khó khăn nhất của cuộc đời mình. Ông ngồi đăm chiêu cùng vợ, đệ nhất phu nhân Betty Ford. Ông đang phải ra một quyết định rất khó khăn nhưng cần thiết.
22h28 ngày 28/4/1975: Điều không ai muốn nghe đã nhanh chóng lan đi, Henry Kissinger báo cáo rằng các đường băng tại Tân Sơn Nhất không thể được sử dụng để di tản được. Tệ hơn nữa, người dân đã vượt khỏi rào kiểm soát và đứng tràn các đường băng, nên máy bay không thể cất - hạ cánh. Đã đến lúc xem xét thực hiện Phương án cuối cùng: Chiến dịch gió lốc.
22h33 ngày 28/4/1975: Mỹ đã thua cuộc chiến Việt Nam - thực tế hiển nhiên không thể thay đổi được. Ford ra lệnh thực hiện các chiến dịch gió lốc, chiến dịch di tản cuối cùng của Mỹ ở Việt Nam. Chỉ duy có Betty Ford và tôi ở trong phòng cùng tổng thống khi ông thực hiện các cuộc gọi. Ông không còn có sự lựa chọn nào khác.
23h22 ngày 28/4/1975: Scowcroft là trung tâm điều phối và tất cả các thông tin này được báo cáo qua ông Kissinger và các quan chức khác của Nhà Trắng để đưa lên trình tổng thống.
23h22 ngày 28/4/1975: Tham mưu trưởng quân lực Hoa Kỳ Donald Rumsfeld theo sát tình hình đang biến chuyển rất nhanh.
11h38 ngày 29/4/1975: Trước cuộc họp của các nhà lãnh đạo cả hai đảng trong phòng Nội các, Tổng thống ngồi cùng với Thượng nghị sĩ Robert Byrd của Bang Tây Virginia. Cuộc họp được tổ chức để giải quyết các vấn đề tài trợ sơ tán. Tổng thống thông báo rằng hơn 45.000 người đã được đưa khỏi Việt Nam trong vài ngày qua. Được biết, đến năm 1980 số lượng người Việt Nam đến Hoa Kỳ là hơn 230.000 người.
16h21 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger luôn trong trạng thái bận rộn, không ngừng nghỉ để giải quyết các vấn đề phát sinh từ Chiến dịch gió lốc. Suốt ngày hôm ấy, Đại sứ Martin đã đề nghị bổ sung thêm trực thăng để sơ tán người từ Việt Nam, nhưng thời gian và sự kiên nhẫn của ông đã hết.
16h23 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger xông vào cuộc họp kinh tế của tổng thống và báo cáo rằng cuộc di tản của Sài Gòn đã gần như hoàn tất. Thực tế, lịch làm việc của tổng thống cho ngày hôm đó đã có nhiều cuộc họp liên quan đến tình hình Việt Nam, nhưng không nhiều người được biết.
17h18 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger nhận những cái bắt tay chúc mừng về chiến dịch gió lốc thành công, nhưng có vẻ như những lời chúc mừng ấy là quá sớm.
17h25 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger và đoàn tùy tùng đến tòa nhà Old Executive Office để công bố với báo chí rằng cơn ác mộng quốc gia mới nhất đã kết thúc sau khi sơ tán thành công và an toàn của tất cả người Mỹ và cả những người muốn rời khỏi Sài Gòn.
Ngoại trưởng Mỹ Henry Kissinger thông báo kết thúc thành công cuộc di tản bằng máy bay trực thăng của Mỹ cuối cùng từ Việt Nam trong phòng họp tại tòa nhà Old Executive Office.
18h11 ngày 29/4/1975: Chỉ một giờ sau khi Kissinger tuyên bố cho báo chí và cả thế giới rằng: "Tôi tin tưởng rằng người Mỹ và những người muốn đi đã ra đi," Scowcroft - Phó Cố vấn an ninh quốc gia thông báo, còn 11 lính TQLC đang kẹt trên mái nhà Đại sứ quán Mỹ tại Sài Gòn.
18h15 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger nóng ruột đi lại quanh văn phòng chờ đợi tin tức từ Sài Gòn về số phận các lính TQLC bị mắc kẹt.
18h30 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger và Scowcroft so đồng hồ khi họ đang chờ đợi tin về 11 Lính TQLC được cứu từ Đại sứ quán Hoa Kỳ ở Sài Gòn. Trực thăng đang trên đường quay lại Sài Gòn để cứu hộ.
19h50 ngày 29/4/1975: Kissinger và Scowcroft đã chỉnh tề trang phục chuẩn bị cho bữa ăn tối cấp nhà nước với vua Jordan Hussein. Dù thế, họ vẫn chờ mong tin tức về các lính TQLC bị mắc kẹt.
20h01 ngày 29/04/1975: Ford dừng bữa ăn tối với vua Hussein để nhận cuộc gọi từ văn phòng của Nhà Trắng, thông báo rằng 11 lính TQLC bị kẹt trên nóc Đại sứ quán Mỹ ở Sài Gòn cuối cùng đã được cứu thoát. Tới đây, quá trình tham gia của Mỹ ở Việt Nam thực sự kết thúc.
Cuối cùng đã có thể ăn mừng, Kissinger vui mừng vì 11 lính TQLC đã cất cánh rời Đại sứ quán Mỹ ra tàu sân bay an toàn.
20h11 ngày 29/4/1975: Một vài phút sau, Ford quay trở lại dùng bữa tối với vua Hussein. Bây giờ là thời gian cho bánh mì nướng. Tổng thống nâng ly và nói chuyện về những mối quan hệ gần gũi và quan trọng với Quốc Vương Jordan. Họ cụng ly, uống một ngụm, tất cả mọi người hoan nghênh. Chữ "Việt Nam" không bao giờ được đề cập đến nữa.
Theo Politico
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A Look Back at the Vietnam War.:Photos: A Look Back at the Vietnam War


A Look Back at the Vietnam War.

Photos: A Look Back at the Vietnam War on the 35th Anniversary of the Fall of Saigon.


Editorâ•˙s Warning: The following photo collection contains some graphic violence and depictions of dead bodies.
(AP) Today, April 30th, marks the  41th Anniversary of the fall of Saigon, when communist North Vietnamese forces drove tanks through the former U.S.-backed capital of South Vietnam, smashing through the Presidential Palace gates. The fall of Saigon marked the official end of the Vietnam War and the decadelong U.S. campaign against communism in Southeast Asia. The conflict claimed some 58,000 American lives and an estimated 3 million Vietnamese.
The war left divisions that would take years to heal as many former South Vietnamese soldiers were sent to Communist re-education camps and hundreds of thousands of their relatives fled the country.
In Vietnam, today is called Liberation Day and the government staged a parade down the former Reunification Boulevard that featured tank replicas and goose-stepping soldiers in white uniforms. Some 50,000 party cadres, army veterans and laborers gathered for the spectacle, many carrying red and gold Vietnamese flags and portraits of Ho Chi Minh, the father of Vietnamâ•˙s revolution. In a reminder of how the Communist Party retains a strong grip on the flow of information despite the opening of the economy, foreign journalists were forbidden from conducting interviews along the parade route. The area was sealed off from ordinary citizens, apparently due to security concerns.
The photos below offer a look back at the Vietnam War from the escalation of U.S. involvement in the early 1960â•˙s to the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
1 A South Vietnamese soldier holds a cocked pistol as he questions two suspected Viet Cong guerrillas captured in a weed-filled marsh in the southern delta region late in August 1962. The prisoners were searched, bound and questioned before being marched off to join other detainees. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed2 A U.S. crewman runs from a crashed CH-21 Shawnee troop helicopter near the village of Ca Mau in the southern tip of South Vietnam, Dec. 11, 1962. Two helicopters crashed without serious injuries during a government raid on the Viet Cong-infiltrated area. Both helicopters were destroyed to keep them out of enemy hands. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed3 3A Helmeted U.S. Helicopter Crewchief, holding carbine, watches ground movements of Vietnamese troops from above during a strike against Viet Cong Guerrillas in the Mekong Delta Area, January 2, 1963. The communist Viet Cong claimed victory in the continuing struggle in Vietnam after they shot down five U.S. helicopters. An American officer was killed and three other American servicemen were injured in the action. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed4 Caskets containing the bodies of seven American helicopter crewmen killed in a crash on January 11, 1963 were loaded aboard a plane on Monday, Jan. 14 for shipment home. The crewmen were on board a H21 helicopter that crashed near a hut on an Island in the middle of one of the branches of the Mekong River, about 55 miles Southwest of Saigon. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed5 Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk, burns himself to death on a Saigon street on June 11, 1963, to protest alleged persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government. (AP Photo/Malcolm Browne, File) Photo by Add this to feed6 Flying at dawn, just over the jungle foliage, U.S. C-123 aircraft spray concentrated defoliant along power lines running between Saigon and Dalat in South Vietnam, early in August 1963. The planes were flying about 130 miles per hour over steep, hilly terrain, much of it believed infiltrated by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed7 A South Vietnamese Marine, severely wounded in a Viet Cong ambush, is comforted by a comrade in a sugar cane field at Duc Hoa, about 12 miles from Saigon, Aug. 5, 1963. A platoon of 30 Vietnamese Marines was searching for communist guerrillas when a long burst of automatic fire killed one Marine and wounded four others. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed8 A father holds the body of his child as South Vietnamese Army Rangers look down from their armored vehicle March 19, 1964. The child was killed as government forces pursued guerrillas into a village near the Cambodian border. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed9 General William Westmoreland talks with troops of first battalion, 16th regiment of 2nd brigade of U.S. First Division at their positions near Bien Hoa in Vietnam, 1965. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed10 The sun breaks through the dense jungle foliage around the embattled town of Binh Gia, 40 miles east of Saigon, in early January 1965, as South Vietnamese troops, joined by U.S. advisors, rest after a cold, damp and tense night of waiting in an ambush position for a Viet Cong attack that didn't come. One hour later, as the possibility of an overnight attack by the Viet Cong diasappeared, the troops moved out for another long, hot day hunting the elusive communist guerrillas in the jungles. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed11 Hovering U.S. Army helicopters pour machine gun fire into a tree line to cover the advance of South Vietnamese ground troops in an attack on a Viet Cong camp 18 miles north of Tay Ninh, northwest of Saigon near the Cambodian border, in Vietnam in March of 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed12 Injured Vietnamese receive aid as they lie on the street after a bomb explosion outside the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, Vietnam, March 30, 1965. Smoke rises from wreckage in the background. At least two Americans and several Vietnamese were killed in the bombing. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed13 Capt. Donald R. Brown of Annapolis, Md., advisor to the 2nd Battalion of the 46th Vietnamese regiment, dashes from his helicopter to the cover of a rice paddy dike during an attack on Viet Cong in an area 15 miles west of Saigon on April 4, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Brown's counterpart, Capt. Di, commander of the unit, rushes away in background with his radioman. The Vietnamese suffered 12 casualties before the field was taken. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed14 U.S. soldiers are on the search for Viet Cong hideouts in a swampy jungle creek bed, June 6, 1965, at Chutes de Trian, some 40 miles northeast of Saigon, South Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed15 The strain of battle for Dong Xoai is shown on the face of U.S. Army Sgt. Philip Fink, an advisor to the 52nd Vietnamese Ranger battalion, shown June 12, 1965. The unit bore the brunt of recapturing the jungle outpost from the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Steve Stibbens) Photo by Add this to feed16 An unidentified U.S. Army soldier wears a hand lettered "War Is Hell" slogan on his helmet, in Vietnam on June 18, 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed17 South Vietnamese supply trucks take a detour around a destroyed bridge en route to Pleiku on Route 19, July 18, 1965. The original bridge, and a temporary bridge placed on top of it, were both destroyed by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams) Photo by Add this to feed18 Wounded marines lie about the floor of a H34 helicopter, August 19, 1965 as they were evacuated from the battle area on Van Tuong peninsula. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed19 The Associated Press photographer Huynh Thanh My covers a Vietnamese battalion pinned down in a Mekong Delta rice paddy about a month before he was killed in combat on Oct. 10, 1965. (AP PHOTO) Photo by Add this to feed20 Elements of the U.S. First Cavalry Air Mobile division in a landing craft approach the beach at Qui Nhon, 260 miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam, in Sept. 1965. Advance units of 20,000 new troops are being launched for a strike on the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed21 Paratroopers of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 173rd Airborne Brigade hold their automatic weapons above water as they cross a river in the rain during a search for Viet Cong positions in the jungle area of Ben Cat, South Vietnam, Sept. 25,1965. The paratroopers had been searching the area for 12 days with no enemy contact. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed22 Wounded U.S. paratroopers are helped by fellow soldiers to a medical evacuation helicopter on Oct. 5, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Paratroopers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's First Battalion suffered many casualties in the clash with Viet Cong guerrillas in the jungle of South Vietnam's "D" Zone, 25 miles Northeast of Saigon. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed23 College students carrying pro-American signs heckle anti-war student demonstrators protesting U.S. involvement in Vietnam at the Boston Common in Boston, Ma., Oct. 16, 1965. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed24 A U.S. B-52 stratofortress drops a load of 750-pounds bombs over a Vietnam coastal area during the Vietnam War, Nov. 5, 1965. (AP Photo/USAF) Photo by Add this to feed25 Chaplain John McNamara of Boston makes the sign of the cross as he administers the last rites to photographer Dickey Chapelle in South Vietnam Nov. 4, 1965. Chapelle was covering a U.S. Marine unit on a combat operation near Chu Lai for the National Observer when she was seriously wounded, along with four Marines, by an exploding mine. She died in a helicopter en route to a hospital. She became the first female war correspondent to be killed in Vietnam, as well as the first American female reporter to be killed in action. Her body was repatriated with an honor guard consisting of six Marines and she was given full Marine burial. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed26 Berkeley-Oakland City, Calif. demonstraters march against the war in Vietnam, December 1965. Calif. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed27 A napalm strike erupts in a fireball near U.S. troops on patrol in South Vietnam, 1966 during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed28 A U.S. paratrooper moves away after setting fire to house on bank of the Vaico Oriental River, 20 miles west of Saigon on Jan. 4, 1966, during a "scorched earth" operation against the Viet Cong in South Viet Nam. The 1st battalion of the 173rd airborne brigade was moving through the area, described as notorious Viet Cong territory. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett) Photo by Add this to feed29 Women and children crouch in a muddy canal as they take cover from intense Viet Cong fire at Bao Trai in Jan. of 1966, about 20 miles west of Saigon, Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed30 U.S. Army helicopters providing support for U.S. ground troops fly into a staging area fifty miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam in January of 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File) Photo by Add this to feed31 First Cavalry Division Medic Thomas Cole, from Richmond, Va., looks up with his one uncovered eye as he continues to treat a wounded Staff Sgt. Harrison Pell during a January 1966 firefight in the Central Highlands between U.S. troops and a combined North Vietnamese and Vietcong force. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)Photo by Add this to feed32 Weary after a third night of fighting against North Vietnamese troops, U.S. Marines crawl from foxholes located south of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Vietnam, 1966. The helicopter at left was shot down when it came in to resupply the unit. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed33 Water-filled bomb craters from B-52 strikes against the Viet Cong mark the rice paddies and orchards west of Saigon, Vietnam, 1966. Most of the area had been abandoned by the peasants who used to farm on the land. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed34 In a sudden monsoon rain, part of a company of about 130 South Vietnamese regional soldiers moves downriver in sampans during a dawn attack against a Viet Cong camp in the flooded Mekong Delta, about 13 miles northeast of Cantho, on Jan. 10, 1966. A handful of guerrillas were reported killed or wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed35 Pfc. Lacey Skinner of Birmingham, Ala., crawls through the mud of a rice paddy in January of 1966, avoiding heavy Viet Cong fire near An Thi in South Vietnam, as troops of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division fight a fierce 24-hour battle along the central coast. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed36 President Lyndon Johnson speaks during a televised address from the White House, Jan. 31, 1966, announcing the resumption of bombing of targets in North Vietnam. The president, who was photographed from a television screen at the New York studios of NBC-TV, said he was requesting Amb. Arthur Goldberg to call for an immediate meeting of the U.N. Security Council. (AP Photo/Marty Lederhandler) Photo by Add this to feed37 U.S. troops carry the body of a fellow soldier across a rice paddy for helicopter evacuation near Bong Son in early February 1966. The soldier, a member of the 1st Air Cavalry Division, was killed during Operation Masher on South Vietnam's central coast. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed38 A helicopter lifts a wounded American soldier on a stretcher during Operation Silver City in Vietnam, March 13, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed39 Seen here are pickets demonstrating against the Vietnam War as they march through downtown Philadelphia, Pa, March, 26 1966. (AP Photo/Bill Ingraham)Photo by Add this to feed40 Soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division carry a wounded buddy through the jungle in May 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed41 A helicopter hovers over the field, ready to load personnel and equipment during Operation Masher in the Vietnam War, May 7, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed42 A young paratrooper with a mud-smeared face stares into the jungle in Vietnam on July 14, 1966, after fire fight with Viet Cong patrol in the morning. He is a member of C company, 2nd battalion, 173rd airborne brigade. (AP Photo/John Nance) Photo by Add this to feed43 A U.S. Marine CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter comes down in flames after being hit by enemy ground fire during Operation Hastings, just south of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam, July 15, 1966. The helicopter crashed and exploded on a hill, killing one crewman and 12 Marines. Three crewman escaped with serious burns. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed44 Pinned down by Viet Cong machine gun fire, a U.S. medic looks over at a seriuosly wounded comrade as they huddle behind a dike in a rice paddy, near Phu Loi, South Vietnam, August 14, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed45 A U.S. infantryman from A Company, 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry carries a crying child from Cam Xe village after dropping a phosphorous grenade into a bunker cleared of civilians during an operation near the Michelin rubber plantation northwest of Saigon, August 22, 1966. A platoon of the 1st Infantry Division raided the village, looking for snipers that had inflicted casualties on the platoon. GIs rushed about 40 civilians out of the village before artillery bombardment ensued. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed46 An American F-105 warplane is shot down and the pilot ejects and opens his parachute in this photo taken by North Vietnamese photograper Mai Nam on September 1966 near Vinh Phuc, north of Hanoi. This photo is one of the most recognized images taken by a North Vietnamese photographer during the war. The pilot of the aircraft was taken hostage and held in a Hanoi prison from 1966 to 1973. (AP Photo/Pioneer Newspaper/Mai Nam) Photo by Add this to feed47 Paratroopers of the 173rd U.S. airborne brigade make their way across the Song Be River in South Vietnam en route to the jungle on the North Bank and into operation Sioux City in the D Zone on Oct. 4, 1966. Troopers and equipment were flown in by helicopter to the central highlands area, but the choppers couldn't land in the D zone jungles. The operation began late in the week ofSeptember 25. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed48 U.S. President Lydon B. Johnson reviews troops assembled in honor of his visit to the U.S. base at Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam on Oct. 26, 1966 during the war. Beside the President is Gen. William Westmoreland, Commander of the U.S. Military forces in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed49 Empty artillery cartridges pile up at the artillery base at Soui Da, some 60 miles northwest of Saigon, at the southern edge of War Zone C, on March 8, 1967. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed50 Three American marines sleep atop ammunition boxes during a pause in the fighting at Gio Linh on April 2, 1967, just south of the demilitarized zone in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed51 A wounded U.S. soldier of the 1st Infantry Division, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion, receives first aid after being rescued from a jungle battlefield south of the Cambodian border in Vietnam's war zone C, April 2, 1967. A reconnaissance platoon ran into enemy bunkers, and their recuers were pinned down for four hours in fighting that left 7 U.S. dead and 42 wounded. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed52 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrators fill Fulton Street in San Francisco on April 15, 1967. The five-mile march through the city would end with a peace rally at Kezar Stadium. In the background is San Francisco City Hall. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed53 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., leads a crowd of 125,000 Vietnam War protesters in front of the United Nations in New York on April 15, 1967, as he voices a repeated demand to "Stop the bombing." (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed54 A U.S. Marine sergeant points directions to a group of newly arrived replacement soldiers atop embattled Hill 881, below the demilitarized zone near the Laotian border, South Vietnam, in May 1967. The men were flown in by helicopter to enforce U.S. Marine lines badly weakened by casualties after several days of fighting for the strategic hills. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed55 A wounded member of the 1st Plt. Company "C," 25th Infantry Division, is helped to a waiting UH-1D "Iroquois" helicopter in Vietnam, May 10, 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed56 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Battallion, 4th Marines, crouch in the cover of a pagoda entrance as their patrol moves through a village along the Ben Hai river in the southern sector of the DMZ in South Vietnam, on May 22, 1967. The pagoda walls are richly decorated with images of dragons and snakes. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam) Photo by Add this to feed57 American infantrymen crowd into a mud-filled bomb crater and look up at tall jungle trees seeking out Viet Cong snipers firing at them during a battle in Phuoc Vinh, north-Northeast of Saigon in Vietnam's War Zone D on June 15, 1967. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File) Photo by Add this to feed58 Medic James E. Callahan of Pittsfield, Mass., gives mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a dying soldier in war zone D, about 50 miles northeast of Saigon, June 17, 1967. Thirty-one men of the 1st Infantry Division were reported killed in the guerrilla ambush, with more than 100 wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed59 Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (second from left), and Gen Earle Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, huddle in one corner while Ellsworth Bunker, U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam (second from right), and Gen. William C. Westmoreland, right, commander of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, go over a report at the beginning of briefings for the secretary at U.S. Army Headquarters on Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Friday, July 6, 1967 in Saigon. (AP Photo/Cung)Photo by Add this to feed60 Defense Secretary McNamara and Gen. William Westmoreland, commander U.S. Forces in Vietnam, sit with muffler type radio earphones as they ride in helicopter toward the DMZ on McNamara's first field trip during his current visit to Vietnam, July 10, 1967. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed61 Vietnamese Navy boats laden with Vietnamese Army infantrymen swing along the Bien Tre river to launch a search mission some 50 miles south of Saigon in the Meking Delta's Kien Hoa province, July 11, 1967. Viet cong guerrillas fired on the flotlla from the brushy shoreline, but no major contact was made. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed62 William Morgan Hardman is interrogated by North Vietnamese military authorities in front of Hoan Kien Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam on Aug. 24, 1967. Hardman, a U.S. pilot, was captured after his plane was shot down. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed63 This general view shows a direct hit with North Vietnam 122 mm shell explosion in a U.S. ammunition bunker of 175 mm cannon emplacements at Gio Linh, next to demilitarization zone between north and south Vietnam, Sept. 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed64 The address is muddy bunker and the mailman wears a flak vest as CPL. Jesse D. Hittson of Levelland, Texas, reaches out for his mail at the U.S. Marine Con Thien outpost two miles south of the demilitarized zone in South Vietnam on Oct. 4, 1967. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam) Photo by Add this to feed65 Anti-war demonstrators gather opposite the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Oct. 21, 1967. In the background is the Reflecting Pool, the base of the Washington Monument, and barely visible through the haze is the Capitol Building. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed66 Part of a crowd of pro-Vietnam War demonstrators hold up signs and American flags in support of U.S. policy in Vietnam in Wakefield, Mass., on Oct. 29, 1967. The demonstration was organized by 19-year-old Paul P. Christopher, a Wakefield high school senior who became "burned up" by anti-Vietnam War demonstrators. (AP Photo/J. Walter Green) Photo by Add this to feed67 Local members of the "Hell's Angels" motorcycle club form a human pyramid to wave flag and lead cheers at rally supporting American men fighting in Vietnam. A crowd estimated by police at near 25,000 turned out for the rally held this on October 29, 1967 on Wakefield, Massachusetts, common. (AP Photo/J Walter Green) Photo by Add this to feed68 U.S. troops move toward the crest of Hill 875 at Dak To in November, 1967 after 21 days of fighting, during which at least 285 Americans were believed killed. The hill in the central highlands, of little apparent strategic value to the North Vietnamese, was nevertheless the focus of intense fighting and heavy losses to both sides. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed69 General views of the destroyed montagnards of Dak son new life Hamlet, December 7, 1967 in Vietnam. Vietcong killed 114 of the villagers and wounded 47. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed70 More than 12,000 U.S. Marines crowd into an outdoor amphitheater to watch comedian Bob Hope and Phil Crosby open Hope's USO Christmas Show tour at Da Nang, Vietnam, with Raquel Welch and singer Barbara McNair, left, Dec. 19, 1967. Crosby, wearing a wig, carries a "Make Love Not War" sign. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed71 U.S. Marines pass a Catholic church as they patrol near Danang, Vietnam, during the Vietnam War in 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed72 Two U.S. military policemen aid a wounded fellow MP during fighting in the U.S. Embassy compound in Saigon, Jan. 31, 1968, at the beginning of the Tet Offensive. A Viet Cong suicide squad seized control of part of the compound and held it for about six hours before they were killed or captured. (AP Photo/Hong Seong-Chan) Photo by Add this to feed73 South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of the national police, fires his pistol into the head of suspected Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem, also known as Bay Lop, on a Saigon street, early in the Tet Offensive on Feb. 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams) Photo by Add this to feed74 President Johnson prepares to open a news conference February 2, 1968 in the White House Cabinet room. He told reporters that the military phases of the Communist offensives in Vietnam had failed. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed75 A large section of rubble is all that remained in this one block square area of Saigon on Feb. 5, 1968, after fierce Tet Offensive fighting. Rockets and grenades, combined with fires, laid waste to the area. An Quang Pagoda, location of Viet Cong headquarters during the fighting, is at the top of the photo. (AP Photo/Johner) Photo by Add this to feed76 First Lt. Gary D. Jackson of Dayton, Ohio, carries a wounded South Vietnamese Ranger to an ambulance Feb. 6, 1968 after a brief but intense battle with the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive near the National Sports Stadium in the Cholon section of Saigon. (AP Photo/Dang Van Phuoc) Photo by Add this to feed77 A U.S. Marine shows a message written on the back of his flack vest at the Khe Sanh combat base in Vietnam on Feb. 21, 1968 during the Vietnam War. The quote reads, "Caution: Being a Marine in Khe Sanh may be hazardous to your health." Khe Sanh had been subject to increased rocket and artillery attacks from the North Vietnamese troops in the area. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed78 American soldiers take shelter in a sandbagged bunker as North Vietnamese rockets hit the U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh on Feb. 24, 1968. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed79 An American C-123 cargo plane burns after being hit by communist mortars while taxiing on the Marine post at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam on March 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett) Photo by Add this to feed80 U.S. Air Force bombs create a curtain of flying shrapnel and debris barely 200 feet beyond the perimeter of South Vietnamese ranger positions defending Khe Sanh during the siege of the U.S. Marine base, March 1968. The photographer, a South Vietnamese officer, was badly injured when bombs fell even closer on a subsequent pass by U.S. planes. (AP Photo/ARVN, Maj. Nguyen Ngoc Hanh) Photo by Add this to feed81 Riverine assault boats, Operation of the Riverine Force of the U.S. 9th Division, glide along the My Tho River, an arm of the Mekong Delta near Dong Tam, 35 miles southwest of Saigon, Vietnam, March 15, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed82 Bodies lay in the road leading from the village of My Lai, South Vietnam, following the massacre of civilians on March 16,1968. Within four hours, 504 men, women and children were killed in the My Lai hamlets in one of the U.S. military's blackest days. (AP photo/FILE/Ronald L. Haeberle, Life Magazine) Photo by Add this to feed83 Police struggle with anti Vietnam War demonstrators outside the Embassy of the United States in Grosvenor Square, London, Mar. 17, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed84 View of the Anti-Vietnam war demonstration held in Trafalgar Square, London, on March 17,1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed85 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses the nation in a radio and television broadcast from his desk at the White House in Washington, D.C., on March 31, 1968. In his speech the president talked about plans to de-escalate the war in North Vietnam and his plans not to run for re-election. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed86 As fellow troopers aid wounded buddies, a paratrooper of A Company, 101st Airborne, guides a medical evacuation helicopter through the jungle foliage to pick up casualties during a five-day patrol of Hue, South Vietnam, in April, 1968. (AP Photo/Art Greenspon) Photo by Add this to feed87 Pfc. Juan Fordona of Puerto Rico, a First Cavalry Division trooper, shakes hands with U.S. Marine Cpl. James Hellebuick over barbed wire at the perimeter of the Marine base at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam, early April 1968. The meeting marked the first overland link-up between troops of the 1st Cavalry and the encircled Marine garrison at Khe Sanh. (AP Photo/Holloway) Photo by Add this to feed88 Air Cavalry troops taking part in Operation Pegasus are shown walking around and watching bombing on a far hill line on April 14, 1968 at Special Forces Camp at Lang Vei in Vietnam. (AP Photo/Richard Merron) Photo by Add this to feed89 Anti-Vietnam war protesters march down Fifth Avenue near to 81st Street in New York City on April 27, 1968, in protest of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnamese war. The demonstrators were en route to nearby Central Park for mass "Stop the war" rally. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed90 Smoke rises from the southwestern part of Saigon on May 7, 1968 as residents stream across a bridge leaving the capital to escape heavy fighting between the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese soldiers. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed91 This is a general view of the first meeting between the United States delegation, left, and North Vietnam delegation on the Vietnam peace talks at the international conference hall in Paris, May 13, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed92 A supply helicopter comes in for a landing on a hilltop forming part of Fire Support Base 29, west of Dak To in South Vietnam's central highlands on June 3, 1968. Around the fire base are burnt out trees caused by heavy air strikes from fighting between North Vietnamese and American troops. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed93 A helicopter full of Marines heading out on patrol lifts off the airstrip at the Khe Sanh combat base on June 27, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed94 U.S. 25th Infantry division troops check the entrance to a Vietcong tunnel complex they discovered on a sweep northwest of their division headquarters at Cu Chi on Sept. 7, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed95 A South Vietnamese woman mourns over the body of her husband, found with 47 others in a mass grave near Hue, Vietnam in April of 1969. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed96 At a hilltop firebase west of Chu Lai in Vietnam, a huge army "Chinook" helicopter prepares to lift a conked-out smaller one to a base for repairs, April 27, 1969. The firebase was named LZ West and was manned by the troopers of the 196th Light Infantry Brigade forming part of the American Division. The smaller helicopter - a Huey UH-ID - had developed engine trouble so its crew chief called in the local aerial towing service. One sturdy nylon strap to the chopper's winch and the two were off. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed97 A small boy holds his younger brother and looks at the remains of what was once his village, Tha Son, South Vietnam, 45 miles Northwest of Saigon, Vietnam on June 15, 1969. He and his family fled the village when Viet Cong troops infiltrated. Counter-attacking allied troops used artillery and bombs to push the Viet Cong out. The allies had told the people to leave their homes before the barrage began. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed98 A medic lights a cigarette for Spec/5 Gary Davies of Scranton, Pa., awaiting evacuation by helicopter from Ben Het in South Vietnam where he was wounded, June 27, 1969. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed99 Banners of appreciation from the Vietnamese decorate the dock at Danang where a farewell ceremony was held by the Vietnamese Government for departing Marines of the 1st Battalion/9th Regiment, July 14, 1969. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed100 Some of the 300 troops of the 9th Infantry Division scheduled for departure from South Vietnam line up to board aircraft bound for Hawaii, August 27, 1969. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed101 Supporters of the Vietnam moratorium lie in the Sheep Meadow of New York's Central Park Nov. 14, 1969 as hundreds of black and white balloons float skyward. A spokesman for the moratorium committee said the black balloons represented Americans who died in Vietnam under the Nixon administration, and the white balloons symbolized the number of Americans who would die if the war continued. (AP Photo/J. Spencer Jones) Photo by Add this to feed102 Vietnamese soldiers of the 21st Recon Company rush to board waiting Huey choppers in the rice paddies near their forward command post in South Vietnam on Nov. 14, 1969. The men are to be transported into the interior of the U-Minh forest, the large marshy and swamp and forest area at the southern tip of Vietnam, long considered to be a VC strong-hold. For the previous month, an all Vietnamese operation called "Operation u-minh" had been attempting to drive the VC and NVA regulars from the area. It was the second such operation within the year. (AP Photo/Godfrey) Photo by Add this to feed103 Demonstrators show their sign of protest as ROTC cadets parade at Ohio State University in May of 1970 during a ceremony in Columbus, Ohio during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed104 Mary Ann Vecchio gestures and screams as she kneels by the body of a student lying face down on the campus of Kent State University, Kent, Ohio on May 4, 1970. National Guardsmen had fired into a crowd of demonstrators, killing four. (AP Photo/John Filo) Photo by Add this to feed105 Photographer Larry Burrows, far left, struggles through elephant grass and the rotorwash of an American evacuation helicopter as he helps GIs to carry a wounded buddy on a stretcher from the jungle to the helicopter in Mimot, Cambodia, May 4, 1970. The evacuation was during the U.S. incursion into Cambodia during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed106 American flag-bearing construction workers, angered by Mayor John Lindsay's apparent anti-war sympathies, lead hundreds of New York City workers supporting U.S. war policy in Vietnam in a demonstration inside a barricaded area near Wall Street in lower Manhattan, May 12, 1970. More than 1,000 police were on the scene to prevent possible clashes with anti-war student demonstrators, who were among office workers along the barricades. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed107 With a helmet declaring "Peace," a soldier of the 1st Cavarly Division, 12th Cavalry, 2nd Battalion, relaxes June 24, 1970, before pulling out of Fire Support Base Speer, six miles inside the Cambodian border. The troops were returning to South Vietnam after operations against enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed108 Vietnam veterans opposed to the war assemble on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, April 19, 1971, to protest the U.S. action in Indochina. Addressing the crowd is Rep. Bella Abzug (D-NY), wearing hat. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed109 John Kerry, 27-year-old former navy lieutenant who heads the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), receives support from a gallery of peace demonstrators and tourists as he testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington, D.C., April 22, 1971. (AP Photo/Henry Griffin) Photo by Add this to feed110 South Vietnamese troops move out on patrol from Firebase Fuller, a hilltop position four miles south of the demilitarized zone, Vietnam on July 20, 1971. (AP Photo/Jacques Tonnaire) Photo by Add this to feed111 A South Vietnamese Marine carries the dead body of a comrade killed on Route 1, about seven miles south of Quang Tri Sunday, April 30, 1972. Marines were fighting to reopen the road in order to break the North Vietnamese siege of the provincial capital. (AP Photo/Koichiro Morita) Photo by Add this to feed112 South Vietnamese forces follow after terrified children, including 9-year-old Kim Phuc, center, as they run down Route 1 near Trang Bang after an aerial napalm attack on suspected Viet Cong hiding places on June 8, 1972. A South Vietnamese plane accidentally dropped its flaming napalm on South Vietnamese troops and civilians. The terrified girl had ripped off her burning clothes while fleeing. The children from left to right are: Phan Thanh Tam, younger brother of Kim Phuc, who lost an eye, Phan Thanh Phouc, youngest brother of Kim Phuc, Kim Phuc, and Kim's cousins Ho Van Bon, and Ho Thi Ting. Behind them are soldiers of the Vietnam Army 25th Division. (AP Photo/Nick Ut) Photo by Add this to feed113 South Vietnamese parents, with their five children, ride along Highway 13, fleeing southwards from An Loc toward Saigon on June 19, 1972. (AP Photo/Nick Ut) Photo by Add this to feed114 Lightly-wounded civilians and troops attempt to push their way aboard a South Vietnamese evacuation helicopter hovering over a stretch of Highway 13 near An Loc in Vietnam on June 25, 1972. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed115 A line of South Vietnamese troops move along a devastated street in Quang Tri City as the battle continues for the provincial capital on July 28, 1972. Government forces were the midst of a campaign to retake the northern South Vietnamese city which was captured by enemy forces two months earlier. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed116 Then presidential adviser Dr. Henry Kissinger tells a White House news conference that "peace is at hand in Vietnam" on Oct. 26, 1972. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed117 Police in Da Nang cover the eyes of a woman who was an alleged member of a Viet Cong terrorist unit on Oct. 26, 1972. The woman was captured carrying 15 hand grenades, during the previous night's battle in Da Nang. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed118 The flag comes down at the U.S. Army base at Long Binn, 12 miles Northeast of Saigon, as the base is turned over to the South Vietnamese Army, Nov. 11, 1972. It was at one time the largest American base in Vietnam with a peak of 60,000 personnel in 1969. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed119 Unaware of incoming enemy round, a South Vietnamese photographer made this picture of a South Vietnamese trooper dug in at Hai Van, South of Hue, Nov. 20, 1972. The camera caught the subsequent explosion before the soldier had time to react. The incident occurred during one of many continuing small scale fire fights in South Vietnam, despite talk of a forthcoming ceasefire. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed120 President Nixon confers with Henry A. Kissinger in New York on Nov. 25, 1972, after the presidential adviser returned from a week of secret negotiations in Paris with North Vietnam's Le Duc Tho. Documents released Tuesday, Dec. 2, 2008, from the Nixon years shed new light on just how much the Nixon White House struggled with growing public unrest over the protracted war in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed121 An American POW talks though a barred doorport to fellow POWs at a detention camp in Hanoi in 1973. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed122 The four delegations sit at the table during the first signing ceremony of the agreement to end the Vietnam War at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, Jan. 27, 1973. Clockwise, from foreground, delegations of the Unites States, the Provisonal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed123 John S. McCain III is escorted by Lt. Cmdr. Jay Coupe Jr., public relations officer, March 14, 1973, to Hanoi's Gia Lam Airport after the POW was released. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed124 Released prisoner of war Lt. Col. Robert L. Stirm is greeted by his family at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, Calif., as he returns home from the Vietnam War, March 17, 1973. In the lead is Stirm's daughter Lorrie, 15, followed by son Robert, 14; daughter Cynthia, 11; wife Loretta and son Roger, 12. (AP Photo/Sal Veder) Photo by Add this to feed125 An iron door opens on a compound of the "Hanoi Hilton" prison, where the French once locked up political prisoners, shown March 18, 1973. When 33 Americans were freed from it days earlier, all the cells were empty for the first time in more than eight years. Journalists were allowed to visit the prison, located in downtown Hanoi days after it was emptied. (AP Photo/Horst Fass) Photo by Add this to feed126 A South Vietnamese soldier rests his eyes at a lonely outpost northeast of Kontum, 270 miles north of Saigon, March 25, 1974. The hill overlooks a vital North Vietnamese supply road and is located rear the scene of some of the bloodiest fighting in South Vietnam since the cease fire. The soldiers on the hill say the enemy is "all around them." (AP Photo/Nick Ut) Photo by Add this to feed127 Mrs. Evelyn Grubb, of Colonial Heights, Va., left, follows her husband Wilmers coffin at Arlington National Cemetery, Thursday, April 4, 1974, Washington, D.C. Col. Grubb's name was released by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as one of the prisoners of war who died in captivity. Mrs. Grubb holds the hands of two of her sons, Roy, 7, right, and Stephen, 10. The rest of the group is unidentified. (AP Photo/Henry Burroughs) Photo by Add this to feed128 Riot police block path of hundreds of anti-government demonstrators who sought to parade from suburban Saigon to the city center on Thursday, Oct. 31, 1974. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed129 A woman villager holding a small rock yells at a South Vietnamese military policeman on Feb. 10, 1975 during a confrontation near Hoa Hao in the Western Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Villagers had erected barricades along the highway to protest a government order disbanding the private army of a Buddhist sect in the area. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed130 South Vietnamese troops fill every available space on a ship evacuating them from Thuan An beach, near Hue, to Da Nang as Communist troops advanced in March, 1975. (AP Photo/Cung) 
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Ca'm o*n anh Vân , vâ.y mà cun~g 41 nam rôì .
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2016-04-30 0:42 GMT+02:00 van tran vantran4444@me.com [dk74] <dk74-noreply@yahoogroups.com>:
 


Subject:  Photos: A Look Back at the Vietnam War.

Photos: A Look Back at the Vietnam War on the 35th Anniversary of the Fall of Saigon.


Editorâ•˙s Warning: The following photo collection contains some graphic violence and depictions of dead bodies.
(AP) Today, April 30th, marks the  41th Anniversary of the fall of Saigon, when communist North Vietnamese forces drove tanks through the former U.S.-backed capital of South Vietnam, smashing through the Presidential Palace gates. The fall of Saigon marked the official end of the Vietnam War and the decadelong U.S. campaign against communism in Southeast Asia. The conflict claimed some 58,000 American lives and an estimated 3 million Vietnamese.
The war left divisions that would take years to heal as many former South Vietnamese soldiers were sent to Communist re-education camps and hundreds of thousands of their relatives fled the country.
In Vietnam, today is called Liberation Day and the government staged a parade down the former Reunification Boulevard that featured tank replicas and goose-stepping soldiers in white uniforms. Some 50,000 party cadres, army veterans and laborers gathered for the spectacle, many carrying red and gold Vietnamese flags and portraits of Ho Chi Minh, the father of Vietnamâ•˙s revolution. In a reminder of how the Communist Party retains a strong grip on the flow of information despite the opening of the economy, foreign journalists were forbidden from conducting interviews along the parade route. The area was sealed off from ordinary citizens, apparently due to security concerns.
The photos below offer a look back at the Vietnam War from the escalation of U.S. involvement in the early 1960â•˙s to the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
1 A South Vietnamese soldier holds a cocked pistol as he questions two suspected Viet Cong guerrillas captured in a weed-filled marsh in the southern delta region late in August 1962. The prisoners were searched, bound and questioned before being marched off to join other detainees. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed2 A U.S. crewman runs from a crashed CH-21 Shawnee troop helicopter near the village of Ca Mau in the southern tip of South Vietnam, Dec. 11, 1962. Two helicopters crashed without serious injuries during a government raid on the Viet Cong-infiltrated area. Both helicopters were destroyed to keep them out of enemy hands. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed3 3A Helmeted U.S. Helicopter Crewchief, holding carbine, watches ground movements of Vietnamese troops from above during a strike against Viet Cong Guerrillas in the Mekong Delta Area, January 2, 1963. The communist Viet Cong claimed victory in the continuing struggle in Vietnam after they shot down five U.S. helicopters. An American officer was killed and three other American servicemen were injured in the action. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed4 Caskets containing the bodies of seven American helicopter crewmen killed in a crash on January 11, 1963 were loaded aboard a plane on Monday, Jan. 14 for shipment home. The crewmen were on board a H21 helicopter that crashed near a hut on an Island in the middle of one of the branches of the Mekong River, about 55 miles Southwest of Saigon. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed5 Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk, burns himself to death on a Saigon street on June 11, 1963, to protest alleged persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government. (AP Photo/Malcolm Browne, File) Photo by Add this to feed6 Flying at dawn, just over the jungle foliage, U.S. C-123 aircraft spray concentrated defoliant along power lines running between Saigon and Dalat in South Vietnam, early in August 1963. The planes were flying about 130 miles per hour over steep, hilly terrain, much of it believed infiltrated by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed7 A South Vietnamese Marine, severely wounded in a Viet Cong ambush, is comforted by a comrade in a sugar cane field at Duc Hoa, about 12 miles from Saigon, Aug. 5, 1963. A platoon of 30 Vietnamese Marines was searching for communist guerrillas when a long burst of automatic fire killed one Marine and wounded four others. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed8 A father holds the body of his child as South Vietnamese Army Rangers look down from their armored vehicle March 19, 1964. The child was killed as government forces pursued guerrillas into a village near the Cambodian border. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed9 General William Westmoreland talks with troops of first battalion, 16th regiment of 2nd brigade of U.S. First Division at their positions near Bien Hoa in Vietnam, 1965. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed10 The sun breaks through the dense jungle foliage around the embattled town of Binh Gia, 40 miles east of Saigon, in early January 1965, as South Vietnamese troops, joined by U.S. advisors, rest after a cold, damp and tense night of waiting in an ambush position for a Viet Cong attack that didn't come. One hour later, as the possibility of an overnight attack by the Viet Cong diasappeared, the troops moved out for another long, hot day hunting the elusive communist guerrillas in the jungles. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed11 Hovering U.S. Army helicopters pour machine gun fire into a tree line to cover the advance of South Vietnamese ground troops in an attack on a Viet Cong camp 18 miles north of Tay Ninh, northwest of Saigon near the Cambodian border, in Vietnam in March of 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed12 Injured Vietnamese receive aid as they lie on the street after a bomb explosion outside the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, Vietnam, March 30, 1965. Smoke rises from wreckage in the background. At least two Americans and several Vietnamese were killed in the bombing. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed13 Capt. Donald R. Brown of Annapolis, Md., advisor to the 2nd Battalion of the 46th Vietnamese regiment, dashes from his helicopter to the cover of a rice paddy dike during an attack on Viet Cong in an area 15 miles west of Saigon on April 4, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Brown's counterpart, Capt. Di, commander of the unit, rushes away in background with his radioman. The Vietnamese suffered 12 casualties before the field was taken. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed14 U.S. soldiers are on the search for Viet Cong hideouts in a swampy jungle creek bed, June 6, 1965, at Chutes de Trian, some 40 miles northeast of Saigon, South Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed15 The strain of battle for Dong Xoai is shown on the face of U.S. Army Sgt. Philip Fink, an advisor to the 52nd Vietnamese Ranger battalion, shown June 12, 1965. The unit bore the brunt of recapturing the jungle outpost from the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Steve Stibbens) Photo by Add this to feed16 An unidentified U.S. Army soldier wears a hand lettered "War Is Hell" slogan on his helmet, in Vietnam on June 18, 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed17 South Vietnamese supply trucks take a detour around a destroyed bridge en route to Pleiku on Route 19, July 18, 1965. The original bridge, and a temporary bridge placed on top of it, were both destroyed by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams) Photo by Add this to feed18 Wounded marines lie about the floor of a H34 helicopter, August 19, 1965 as they were evacuated from the battle area on Van Tuong peninsula. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed19 The Associated Press photographer Huynh Thanh My covers a Vietnamese battalion pinned down in a Mekong Delta rice paddy about a month before he was killed in combat on Oct. 10, 1965. (AP PHOTO) Photo by Add this to feed20 Elements of the U.S. First Cavalry Air Mobile division in a landing craft approach the beach at Qui Nhon, 260 miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam, in Sept. 1965. Advance units of 20,000 new troops are being launched for a strike on the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed21 Paratroopers of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 173rd Airborne Brigade hold their automatic weapons above water as they cross a river in the rain during a search for Viet Cong positions in the jungle area of Ben Cat, South Vietnam, Sept. 25,1965. The paratroopers had been searching the area for 12 days with no enemy contact. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed22 Wounded U.S. paratroopers are helped by fellow soldiers to a medical evacuation helicopter on Oct. 5, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Paratroopers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's First Battalion suffered many casualties in the clash with Viet Cong guerrillas in the jungle of South Vietnam's "D" Zone, 25 miles Northeast of Saigon. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed23 College students carrying pro-American signs heckle anti-war student demonstrators protesting U.S. involvement in Vietnam at the Boston Common in Boston, Ma., Oct. 16, 1965. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed24 A U.S. B-52 stratofortress drops a load of 750-pounds bombs over a Vietnam coastal area during the Vietnam War, Nov. 5, 1965. (AP Photo/USAF) Photo by Add this to feed25 Chaplain John McNamara of Boston makes the sign of the cross as he administers the last rites to photographer Dickey Chapelle in South Vietnam Nov. 4, 1965. Chapelle was covering a U.S. Marine unit on a combat operation near Chu Lai for the National Observer when she was seriously wounded, along with four Marines, by an exploding mine. She died in a helicopter en route to a hospital. She became the first female war correspondent to be killed in Vietnam, as well as the first American female reporter to be killed in action. Her body was repatriated with an honor guard consisting of six Marines and she was given full Marine burial. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed26 Berkeley-Oakland City, Calif. demonstraters march against the war in Vietnam, December 1965. Calif. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed27 A napalm strike erupts in a fireball near U.S. troops on patrol in South Vietnam, 1966 during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed28 A U.S. paratrooper moves away after setting fire to house on bank of the Vaico Oriental River, 20 miles west of Saigon on Jan. 4, 1966, during a "scorched earth" operation against the Viet Cong in South Viet Nam. The 1st battalion of the 173rd airborne brigade was moving through the area, described as notorious Viet Cong territory. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett) Photo by Add this to feed29 Women and children crouch in a muddy canal as they take cover from intense Viet Cong fire at Bao Trai in Jan. of 1966, about 20 miles west of Saigon, Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed30 U.S. Army helicopters providing support for U.S. ground troops fly into a staging area fifty miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam in January of 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File) Photo by Add this to feed31 First Cavalry Division Medic Thomas Cole, from Richmond, Va., looks up with his one uncovered eye as he continues to treat a wounded Staff Sgt. Harrison Pell during a January 1966 firefight in the Central Highlands between U.S. troops and a combined North Vietnamese and Vietcong force. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)Photo by Add this to feed32 Weary after a third night of fighting against North Vietnamese troops, U.S. Marines crawl from foxholes located south of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Vietnam, 1966. The helicopter at left was shot down when it came in to resupply the unit. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed33 Water-filled bomb craters from B-52 strikes against the Viet Cong mark the rice paddies and orchards west of Saigon, Vietnam, 1966. Most of the area had been abandoned by the peasants who used to farm on the land. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed34 In a sudden monsoon rain, part of a company of about 130 South Vietnamese regional soldiers moves downriver in sampans during a dawn attack against a Viet Cong camp in the flooded Mekong Delta, about 13 miles northeast of Cantho, on Jan. 10, 1966. A handful of guerrillas were reported killed or wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed35 Pfc. Lacey Skinner of Birmingham, Ala., crawls through the mud of a rice paddy in January of 1966, avoiding heavy Viet Cong fire near An Thi in South Vietnam, as troops of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division fight a fierce 24-hour battle along the central coast. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed36 President Lyndon Johnson speaks during a televised address from the White House, Jan. 31, 1966, announcing the resumption of bombing of targets in North Vietnam. The president, who was photographed from a television screen at the New York studios of NBC-TV, said he was requesting Amb. Arthur Goldberg to call for an immediate meeting of the U.N. Security Council. (AP Photo/Marty Lederhandler) Photo by Add this to feed37 U.S. troops carry the body of a fellow soldier across a rice paddy for helicopter evacuation near Bong Son in early February 1966. The soldier, a member of the 1st Air Cavalry Division, was killed during Operation Masher on South Vietnam's central coast. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed38 A helicopter lifts a wounded American soldier on a stretcher during Operation Silver City in Vietnam, March 13, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed39 Seen here are pickets demonstrating against the Vietnam War as they march through downtown Philadelphia, Pa, March, 26 1966. (AP Photo/Bill Ingraham)Photo by Add this to feed40 Soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division carry a wounded buddy through the jungle in May 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed41 A helicopter hovers over the field, ready to load personnel and equipment during Operation Masher in the Vietnam War, May 7, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed42 A young paratrooper with a mud-smeared face stares into the jungle in Vietnam on July 14, 1966, after fire fight with Viet Cong patrol in the morning. He is a member of C company, 2nd battalion, 173rd airborne brigade. (AP Photo/John Nance) Photo by Add this to feed43 A U.S. Marine CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter comes down in flames after being hit by enemy ground fire during Operation Hastings, just south of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam, July 15, 1966. The helicopter crashed and exploded on a hill, killing one crewman and 12 Marines. Three crewman escaped with serious burns. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed44 Pinned down by Viet Cong machine gun fire, a U.S. medic looks over at a seriuosly wounded comrade as they huddle behind a dike in a rice paddy, near Phu Loi, South Vietnam, August 14, 1966. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed45 A U.S. infantryman from A Company, 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry carries a crying child from Cam Xe village after dropping a phosphorous grenade into a bunker cleared of civilians during an operation near the Michelin rubber plantation northwest of Saigon, August 22, 1966. A platoon of the 1st Infantry Division raided the village, looking for snipers that had inflicted casualties on the platoon. GIs rushed about 40 civilians out of the village before artillery bombardment ensued. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed46 An American F-105 warplane is shot down and the pilot ejects and opens his parachute in this photo taken by North Vietnamese photograper Mai Nam on September 1966 near Vinh Phuc, north of Hanoi. This photo is one of the most recognized images taken by a North Vietnamese photographer during the war. The pilot of the aircraft was taken hostage and held in a Hanoi prison from 1966 to 1973. (AP Photo/Pioneer Newspaper/Mai Nam) Photo by Add this to feed47 Paratroopers of the 173rd U.S. airborne brigade make their way across the Song Be River in South Vietnam en route to the jungle on the North Bank and into operation Sioux City in the D Zone on Oct. 4, 1966. Troopers and equipment were flown in by helicopter to the central highlands area, but the choppers couldn't land in the D zone jungles. The operation began late in the week ofSeptember 25. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed48 U.S. President Lydon B. Johnson reviews troops assembled in honor of his visit to the U.S. base at Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam on Oct. 26, 1966 during the war. Beside the President is Gen. William Westmoreland, Commander of the U.S. Military forces in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed49 Empty artillery cartridges pile up at the artillery base at Soui Da, some 60 miles northwest of Saigon, at the southern edge of War Zone C, on March 8, 1967. (AP Photo/Horst Faas) Photo by Add this to feed50 Three American marines sleep atop ammunition boxes during a pause in the fighting at Gio Linh on April 2, 1967, just south of the demilitarized zone in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed51 A wounded U.S. soldier of the 1st Infantry Division, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion, receives first aid after being rescued from a jungle battlefield south of the Cambodian border in Vietnam's war zone C, April 2, 1967. A reconnaissance platoon ran into enemy bunkers, and their recuers were pinned down for four hours in fighting that left 7 U.S. dead and 42 wounded. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed52 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrators fill Fulton Street in San Francisco on April 15, 1967. The five-mile march through the city would end with a peace rally at Kezar Stadium. In the background is San Francisco City Hall. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed53 Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., leads a crowd of 125,000 Vietnam War protesters in front of the United Nations in New York on April 15, 1967, as he voices a repeated demand to "Stop the bombing." (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed54 A U.S. Marine sergeant points directions to a group of newly arrived replacement soldiers atop embattled Hill 881, below the demilitarized zone near the Laotian border, South Vietnam, in May 1967. The men were flown in by helicopter to enforce U.S. Marine lines badly weakened by casualties after several days of fighting for the strategic hills. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed55 A wounded member of the 1st Plt. Company "C," 25th Infantry Division, is helped to a waiting UH-1D "Iroquois" helicopter in Vietnam, May 10, 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed56 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Battallion, 4th Marines, crouch in the cover of a pagoda entrance as their patrol moves through a village along the Ben Hai river in the southern sector of the DMZ in South Vietnam, on May 22, 1967. The pagoda walls are richly decorated with images of dragons and snakes. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam) Photo by Add this to feed57 American infantrymen crowd into a mud-filled bomb crater and look up at tall jungle trees seeking out Viet Cong snipers firing at them during a battle in Phuoc Vinh, north-Northeast of Saigon in Vietnam's War Zone D on June 15, 1967. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File) Photo by Add this to feed58 Medic James E. Callahan of Pittsfield, Mass., gives mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a dying soldier in war zone D, about 50 miles northeast of Saigon, June 17, 1967. Thirty-one men of the 1st Infantry Division were reported killed in the guerrilla ambush, with more than 100 wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed59 Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (second from left), and Gen Earle Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, huddle in one corner while Ellsworth Bunker, U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam (second from right), and Gen. William C. Westmoreland, right, commander of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, go over a report at the beginning of briefings for the secretary at U.S. Army Headquarters on Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Friday, July 6, 1967 in Saigon. (AP Photo/Cung)Photo by Add this to feed60 Defense Secretary McNamara and Gen. William Westmoreland, commander U.S. Forces in Vietnam, sit with muffler type radio earphones as they ride in helicopter toward the DMZ on McNamara's first field trip during his current visit to Vietnam, July 10, 1967. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed61 Vietnamese Navy boats laden with Vietnamese Army infantrymen swing along the Bien Tre river to launch a search mission some 50 miles south of Saigon in the Meking Delta's Kien Hoa province, July 11, 1967. Viet cong guerrillas fired on the flotlla from the brushy shoreline, but no major contact was made. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed62 William Morgan Hardman is interrogated by North Vietnamese military authorities in front of Hoan Kien Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam on Aug. 24, 1967. Hardman, a U.S. pilot, was captured after his plane was shot down. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed63 This general view shows a direct hit with North Vietnam 122 mm shell explosion in a U.S. ammunition bunker of 175 mm cannon emplacements at Gio Linh, next to demilitarization zone between north and south Vietnam, Sept. 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed64 The address is muddy bunker and the mailman wears a flak vest as CPL. Jesse D. Hittson of Levelland, Texas, reaches out for his mail at the U.S. Marine Con Thien outpost two miles south of the demilitarized zone in South Vietnam on Oct. 4, 1967. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam) Photo by Add this to feed65 Anti-war demonstrators gather opposite the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Oct. 21, 1967. In the background is the Reflecting Pool, the base of the Washington Monument, and barely visible through the haze is the Capitol Building. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed66 Part of a crowd of pro-Vietnam War demonstrators hold up signs and American flags in support of U.S. policy in Vietnam in Wakefield, Mass., on Oct. 29, 1967. The demonstration was organized by 19-year-old Paul P. Christopher, a Wakefield high school senior who became "burned up" by anti-Vietnam War demonstrators. (AP Photo/J. Walter Green) Photo by Add this to feed67 Local members of the "Hell's Angels" motorcycle club form a human pyramid to wave flag and lead cheers at rally supporting American men fighting in Vietnam. A crowd estimated by police at near 25,000 turned out for the rally held this on October 29, 1967 on Wakefield, Massachusetts, common. (AP Photo/J Walter Green) Photo by Add this to feed68 U.S. troops move toward the crest of Hill 875 at Dak To in November, 1967 after 21 days of fighting, during which at least 285 Americans were believed killed. The hill in the central highlands, of little apparent strategic value to the North Vietnamese, was nevertheless the focus of intense fighting and heavy losses to both sides. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed69 General views of the destroyed montagnards of Dak son new life Hamlet, December 7, 1967 in Vietnam. Vietcong killed 114 of the villagers and wounded 47. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed70 More than 12,000 U.S. Marines crowd into an outdoor amphitheater to watch comedian Bob Hope and Phil Crosby open Hope's USO Christmas Show tour at Da Nang, Vietnam, with Raquel Welch and singer Barbara McNair, left, Dec. 19, 1967. Crosby, wearing a wig, carries a "Make Love Not War" sign. (AP Photo)Photo by Add this to feed71 U.S. Marines pass a Catholic church as they patrol near Danang, Vietnam, during the Vietnam War in 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed72 Two U.S. military policemen aid a wounded fellow MP during fighting in the U.S. Embassy compound in Saigon, Jan. 31, 1968, at the beginning of the Tet Offensive. A Viet Cong suicide squad seized control of part of the compound and held it for about six hours before they were killed or captured. (AP Photo/Hong Seong-Chan) Photo by Add this to feed73 South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of the national police, fires his pistol into the head of suspected Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem, also known as Bay Lop, on a Saigon street, early in the Tet Offensive on Feb. 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams) Photo by Add this to feed74 President Johnson prepares to open a news conference February 2, 1968 in the White House Cabinet room. He told reporters that the military phases of the Communist offensives in Vietnam had failed. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed75 A large section of rubble is all that remained in this one block square area of Saigon on Feb. 5, 1968, after fierce Tet Offensive fighting. Rockets and grenades, combined with fires, laid waste to the area. An Quang Pagoda, location of Viet Cong headquarters during the fighting, is at the top of the photo. (AP Photo/Johner) Photo by Add this to feed76 First Lt. Gary D. Jackson of Dayton, Ohio, carries a wounded South Vietnamese Ranger to an ambulance Feb. 6, 1968 after a brief but intense battle with the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive near the National Sports Stadium in the Cholon section of Saigon. (AP Photo/Dang Van Phuoc) Photo by Add this to feed77 A U.S. Marine shows a message written on the back of his flack vest at the Khe Sanh combat base in Vietnam on Feb. 21, 1968 during the Vietnam War. The quote reads, "Caution: Being a Marine in Khe Sanh may be hazardous to your health." Khe Sanh had been subject to increased rocket and artillery attacks from the North Vietnamese troops in the area. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed78 American soldiers take shelter in a sandbagged bunker as North Vietnamese rockets hit the U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh on Feb. 24, 1968. (AP Photo/Rick Merron) Photo by Add this to feed79 An American C-123 cargo plane burns after being hit by communist mortars while taxiing on the Marine post at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam on March 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett) Photo by Add this to feed80 U.S. Air Force bombs create a curtain of flying shrapnel and debris barely 200 feet beyond the perimeter of South Vietnamese ranger positions defending Khe Sanh during the siege of the U.S. Marine base, March 1968. The photographer, a South Vietnamese officer, was badly injured when bombs fell even closer on a subsequent pass by U.S. planes. (AP Photo/ARVN, Maj. Nguyen Ngoc Hanh) Photo by Add this to feed81 Riverine assault boats, Operation of the Riverine Force of the U.S. 9th Division, glide along the My Tho River, an arm of the Mekong Delta near Dong Tam, 35 miles southwest of Saigon, Vietnam, March 15, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed82 Bodies lay in the road leading from the village of My Lai, South Vietnam, following the massacre of civilians on March 16,1968. Within four hours, 504 men, women and children were killed in the My Lai hamlets in one of the U.S. military's blackest days. (AP photo/FILE/Ronald L. Haeberle, Life Magazine) Photo by Add this to feed83 Police struggle with anti Vietnam War demonstrators outside the Embassy of the United States in Grosvenor Square, London, Mar. 17, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed84 View of the Anti-Vietnam war demonstration held in Trafalgar Square, London, on March 17,1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed85 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses the nation in a radio and television broadcast from his desk at the White House in Washington, D.C., on March 31, 1968. In his speech the president talked about plans to de-escalate the war in North Vietnam and his plans not to run for re-election. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed86 As fellow troopers aid wounded buddies, a paratrooper of A Company, 101st Airborne, guides a medical evacuation helicopter through the jungle foliage to pick up casualties during a five-day patrol of Hue, South Vietnam, in April, 1968. (AP Photo/Art Greenspon) Photo by Add this to feed87 Pfc. Juan Fordona of Puerto Rico, a First Cavalry Division trooper, shakes hands with U.S. Marine Cpl. James Hellebuick over barbed wire at the perimeter of the Marine base at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam, early April 1968. The meeting marked the first overland link-up between troops of the 1st Cavalry and the encircled Marine garrison at Khe Sanh. (AP Photo/Holloway) Photo by Add this to feed88 Air Cavalry troops taking part in Operation Pegasus are shown walking around and watching bombing on a far hill line on April 14, 1968 at Special Forces Camp at Lang Vei in Vietnam. (AP Photo/Richard Merron) Photo by Add this to feed89 Anti-Vietnam war protesters march down Fifth Avenue near to 81st Street in New York City on April 27, 1968, in protest of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnamese war. The demonstrators were en route to nearby Central Park for mass "Stop the war" rally. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed90 Smoke rises from the southwestern part of Saigon on May 7, 1968 as residents stream across a bridge leaving the capital to escape heavy fighting between the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese soldiers. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed91 This is a general view of the first meeting between the United States delegation, left, and North Vietnam delegation on the Vietnam peace talks at the international conference hall in Paris, May 13, 1968. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed92 A supply helicopter comes in for a landing on a hilltop forming part of Fire Support Base 29, west of Dak To in South Vietnam's central highlands on June 3, 1968. Around the fire base are burnt out trees caused by heavy air strikes from fighting between North Vietnamese and American troops. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed93 A helicopter full of Marines heading out on patrol lifts off the airstrip at the Khe Sanh combat base on June 27, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed94 U.S. 25th Infantry division troops check the entrance to a Vietcong tunnel complex they discovered on a sweep northwest of their division headquarters at Cu Chi on Sept. 7, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed95 A South Vietnamese woman mourns over the body of her husband, found with 47 others in a mass grave near Hue, Vietnam in April of 1969. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File) Photo by Add this to feed96 At a hilltop firebase west of Chu Lai in Vietnam, a huge army "Chinook" helicopter prepares to lift a conked-out smaller one to a base for repairs, April 27, 1969. The firebase was named LZ West and was manned by the troopers of the 196th Light Infantry Brigade forming part of the American Division. The smaller helicopter - a Huey UH-ID - had developed engine trouble so its crew chief called in the local aerial towing service. One sturdy nylon strap to the chopper's winch and the two were off. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed97 A small boy holds his younger brother and looks at the remains of what was once his village, Tha Son, South Vietnam, 45 miles Northwest of Saigon, Vietnam on June 15, 1969. He and his family fled the village when Viet Cong troops infiltrated. Counter-attacking allied troops used artillery and bombs to push the Viet Cong out. The allies had told the people to leave their homes before the barrage began. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed98 A medic lights a cigarette for Spec/5 Gary Davies of Scranton, Pa., awaiting evacuation by helicopter from Ben Het in South Vietnam where he was wounded, June 27, 1969. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan) Photo by Add this to feed99 Banners of appreciation from the Vietnamese decorate the dock at Danang where a farewell ceremony was held by the Vietnamese Government for departing Marines of the 1st Battalion/9th Regiment, July 14, 1969. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed100 Some of the 300 troops of the 9th Infantry Division scheduled for departure from South Vietnam line up to board aircraft bound for Hawaii, August 27, 1969. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed101 Supporters of the Vietnam moratorium lie in the Sheep Meadow of New York's Central Park Nov. 14, 1969 as hundreds of black and white balloons float skyward. A spokesman for the moratorium committee said the black balloons represented Americans who died in Vietnam under the Nixon administration, and the white balloons symbolized the number of Americans who would die if the war continued. (AP Photo/J. Spencer Jones) Photo by Add this to feed102 Vietnamese soldiers of the 21st Recon Company rush to board waiting Huey choppers in the rice paddies near their forward command post in South Vietnam on Nov. 14, 1969. The men are to be transported into the interior of the U-Minh forest, the large marshy and swamp and forest area at the southern tip of Vietnam, long considered to be a VC strong-hold. For the previous month, an all Vietnamese operation called "Operation u-minh" had been attempting to drive the VC and NVA regulars from the area. It was the second such operation within the year. (AP Photo/Godfrey) Photo by Add this to feed103 Demonstrators show their sign of protest as ROTC cadets parade at Ohio State University in May of 1970 during a ceremony in Columbus, Ohio during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed104 Mary Ann Vecchio gestures and screams as she kneels by the body of a student lying face down on the campus of Kent State University, Kent, Ohio on May 4, 1970. National Guardsmen had fired into a crowd of demonstrators, killing four. (AP Photo/John Filo) Photo by Add this to feed105 Photographer Larry Burrows, far left, struggles through elephant grass and the rotorwash of an American evacuation helicopter as he helps GIs to carry a wounded buddy on a stretcher from the jungle to the helicopter in Mimot, Cambodia, May 4, 1970. The evacuation was during the U.S. incursion into Cambodia during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo/Henri Huet) Photo by Add this to feed106 American flag-bearing construction workers, angered by Mayor John Lindsay's apparent anti-war sympathies, lead hundreds of New York City workers supporting U.S. war policy in Vietnam in a demonstration inside a barricaded area near Wall Street in lower Manhattan, May 12, 1970. More than 1,000 police were on the scene to prevent possible clashes with anti-war student demonstrators, who were among office workers along the barricades. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed107 With a helmet declaring "Peace," a soldier of the 1st Cavarly Division, 12th Cavalry, 2nd Battalion, relaxes June 24, 1970, before pulling out of Fire Support Base Speer, six miles inside the Cambodian border. The troops were returning to South Vietnam after operations against enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed108 Vietnam veterans opposed to the war assemble on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, April 19, 1971, to protest the U.S. action in Indochina. Addressing the crowd is Rep. Bella Abzug (D-NY), wearing hat. (AP Photo) Photo by Add this to feed109 John Kerry, 27-year-old former navy lieutenant who heads the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), receives support from a gallery of peace demonstrators and tourists as he testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington, D.C., April 22, 1971. (AP Photo/Henry Griffin) Photo by Add this to feed110 South Vietnamese troops move out on patrol from Firebase Fuller, a hilltop position four miles south of the demilitarized zone, Vietnam on July 20, 1971. (AP Photo/Jacques Tonnaire) Photo by Add this to feed
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